Cardiovascular
Pathophysiology
Heart sounds and murmurs reflect pressure gradients and flow dynamics across valves. Murmur intensity correlates with flow velocity and pressure gradient. Maneuvers that alter preload and afterload change murmur characteristics diagnostically: Valsalva reduces preload (increases HCM murmur, decreases most others); squatting increases preload and afterload (decreases HCM, increases aortic stenosis).
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Unlock the interactive lesson quiz with a plan that includes this WHNP pathway. You can still explore topic-filtered questions from the bank hubs below.
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