Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when absolute or relative insulin deficiency prevents glucose from entering cells, triggering lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis. Free fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone), causing metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis, leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte losses. The nurse monitors vital signs, fluid intake/output, blood glucose levels, and reports changes to the nurse or provider.