DKA/HHS: Anion Gap and Osmolality

DKA: absolute/relative insulin deficiency causing lipolysis, ketogenesis. Triad: glucose >250, pH <7.3, bicarb <18, ketonemia. HHS: extreme hyperglycemia (>600), hyperosmolality (>320) without significant ketosis. DKA treatment: NS 15-20 mL/kg/hr, insulin drip 0.1-0.14 U/kg/hr, K+ replacement when <5.3. Transition to SC insulin when glucose <200, bicarb >=15, pH >7.3, AG closed.