Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Compartment syndrome develops when intracompartmental pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure (normally 25-30 mmHg), leading to tissue ischemia. The anterior compartment of the lower leg is most commonly affected due to its tight fascial boundaries. As pressure rises, venous outflow is obstructed first, causing further edema in a vicious cycle. When arterial inflow is compromised, irreversible myonecrosis begins within 6 hours and permanent nerve damage within 12-24 hours. Without fasciotomy, Volkmann ischemic contracture (upper extremity) or limb loss results. The nurse performs serial neurovascular assessments, manages pain, coordinates with the surgical team, and provides post-fasciotomy wound care.