Key Concepts
Overview
Infection control is the application of evidence-based practices to prevent the transmission of infectious agents within healthcare settings. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affect approximately 200,000 Canadians annually and contribute to 8,000–12,000 deaths per year (PHAC data). The vast majority of HAIs are preventable through consistent application of standard and transmission-based precautions. The chain of infection must be broken at any link to prevent transmission: 1. Infectious agent (pathogen — bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite, prion) 2. Reservoir (where the pathogen lives — human host, water, soil, equipment) 3. Portal of exit (how it leaves the reservoir — respiratory tract, blood, feces, wound drainage) 4. Mode of transmission (how it travels — contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, vector) 5. Portal of entry (how it enters a new host — mucous membranes, broken skin, respiratory tract, GI tract) 6. Susceptible host (compromised immunity, invasive devices, immunosuppression) Infection control in practice: The nurse's primary role is to break the chain, particularly at links 4 (mode of transmission) and 6 (host susceptibility). On the exam, writers often pair stable-sounding options with unstable data—notice the mismatch before you...