Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the meninges (protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) most commonly caused by Neisseria meningitidis or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteria enter the subarachnoid space and trigger a severe inflammatory response with neutrophil infiltration, increased vascular permeability, and cerebral edema. The resulting increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) can cause brain herniation and death. The nurse monitors neurological status, vital signs, and implements infection control measures as delegated, reporting changes immediately.