Shared decision-making (SDM) is a collaborative process in which clinicians and patients work together to make healthcare decisions that align with the best available evidence AND the patient's values, preferences, and circumstances. SDM is particularly important for 'preference-sensitive' decisions where multiple reasonable options exist, each with different benefit-risk profiles (e.g., cancer screening, surgical vs. medical management, end-of-life care, treatment of chronic conditions). The SDM framework includes: (1) Recognize the decision point — identify that a choice exists, (2) Present the options with balanced, evidence-based information about benefits, risks, and alternatives including no treatment, (3) Elicit patient values and preferences — what matters most to the patient, (4) Deliberate together — integrate evidence with patient preferences, (5) Make a decision — or defer if the patient needs more time. Tools include patient decision aids (validated resources that present balanced options), risk communication strategies (absolute risk reduction, NNT, visual aids), and teach-back method to verify understanding. SDM differs from paternalism (clinician decides) and informed consent (clinician presents information, patient decides alone). Key: the clinician is the expert on the evidence; the patient...