Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Informed consent in the prescribing context is the NP's legal and ethical obligation to ensure patients receive adequate information to make autonomous decisions about medication therapy. Unlike procedural consent (typically a one-time event), prescribing consent is an ongoing shared decision-making process that occurs with every new medication, dose change, or therapy modification. The NP must disclose five key elements before prescribing: (1) the diagnosis or condition being treated, (2) the name, purpose, and mechanism of the prescribed medication, (3) expected benefits and timeline for therapeutic response, (4) common and serious adverse effects (material risks a reasonable patient would want to know), and (5) alternative treatments including non-pharmacological options and the option of no treatment. For high-risk medications (anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, teratogenic drugs, opioids), enhanced disclosure is required due to the gravity of potential consequences. Pharmacogenomic considerations have expanded the consent landscape. Medications with known pharmacogenomic implications (warfarin and CYP2C9/VKORC1 variants, codeine and CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers, carbamazepine and HLA-B*1502 in Southeast Asian patients, abacavir and HLA-B*5701) may require genetic testing before prescribing, and this testing itself requires informed consent. The NP must...