Overhydration and Fluid Volume Excess involves pathological changes at the cellular and tissue level that produce characteristic clinical manifestations. The underlying pathophysiology includes disruption of normal physiological processes, leading to altered cellular function, inflammatory responses, and potential tissue damage. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for the RPN/LVN to recognize early signs of deterioration, implement timely nursing interventions, and communicate findings effectively to the healthcare team. The condition may progress through predictable stages, each with distinct clinical features that guide assessment priorities and nursing care planning. Endocrine disorders disrupt hormonal regulation affecting multiple body systems simultaneously. The RPN/LVN monitors for signs of hormonal excess or deficiency, blood glucose levels, fluid balance, and electrolyte status. Acute endocrine emergencies such as diabetic ketoacidosis, thyroid storm, or adrenal crisis require immediate recognition and emergency intervention. Within the RPN/LVN scope of practice, nursing care for overhydration and fluid volume excess includes systematic assessment, implementation of established care protocols, accurate documentation, and timely communication with the interprofessional team. The practical nurse contributes to patient safety through ongoing monitoring, patient education reinforcement, and adherence to evidence-based practice...