Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity: a coronal curve is accompanied by vertebral rotation. Rotation produces the rib or flank prominence seen on forward bending. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has no identified cause; congenital scoliosis arises from vertebral formation, while neuromuscular scoliosis reflects an underlying neurological or muscular disorder. These conditions need different assessment and treatment plans. Progression risk rises during rapid growth. Curve magnitude, documented change and growth remaining therefore guide whether a specialist observes, braces or considers surgery. The Risser sign grades iliac-apophysis maturity from 0 to 5: 0 to 2 indicates substantial growth remaining, while 4 to 5 indicates little or no remaining growth. Menarchal status, serial height and other skeletal-maturity measures add context. Large thoracic curves can distort the rib cage and impair lung function. Record respiratory symptoms and baseline function before major treatment. Most adolescents remain active; avoid presenting scoliosis as an inevitable cause of disability or pain.