Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Phenylketonuria is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme that normally converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. When this pathway is impaired, phenylalanine accumulates in the blood and brain. Persistently elevated levels interfere with brain development and, without treatment, can cause progressive neurocognitive impairment. Phenylalanine comes primarily from dietary protein. Because the child cannot process a normal protein load, management requires a carefully measured reduction in natural protein rather than unrestricted intake. Tyrosine also becomes clinically significant because the impaired pathway normally produces it; the prescribed medical formula supplies protein equivalents and essential nutrients while allowing the metabolic team to control phenylalanine exposure. The newborn may appear completely well. That is why screening matters: waiting for developmental delay, seizures, eczema, or other later manifestations would allow neurologic injury to develop before treatment began. In an older untreated or poorly controlled child, developmental concerns or neurologic changes are not nonspecific findings to watch casually; they may reflect toxic phenylalanine exposure and require prompt assessment. For a practical nurse, the pediatric focus is not simply recording a diet order. The nurse...